NAD+
A vital cellular coenzyme researched for its role in energy production, DNA repair, and overall cellular vitality.
Laboratory and educational research purposes only.What is NAD+?
NAD⁺ is a coenzyme present in all living cells, essential for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. It acts as a key electron carrier in redox reactions and serves as a substrate for critical enzymes such as sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38. NAD⁺ levels decline with age, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic decline, and aging.
Mechanism(s) of Action
Redox carrier in metabolism → central to glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Sirtuin activation (SIRT1–7) → regulates gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, stress resistance, and longevity.
PARP enzymes → uses NAD⁺ for DNA repair and genomic stability.
CD38/CD157 pathways → consume NAD⁺ in immune regulation and calcium signaling.
NAD⁺ salvage pathway → replenishes NAD⁺ via precursors (NMN, NR, niacin).
Interacts with AMPK, mTOR, and PGC-1α pathways to regulate metabolism and aging."
1. Energy metabolism — supports ATP production in mitochondria.
2. Longevity support — activates sirtuins, promoting cellular resilience and anti-aging effects.
3. DNA repair — via PARP activation, protects against genomic instability.
4. Mitochondrial health — enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
5. Neuroprotection — protects neurons from oxidative damage and excitotoxicity.
6. Metabolic health — improves insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization.
7. Cardiovascular support — enhances endothelial function and blood flow.
8. Exercise recovery — boosts energy efficiency and reduces fatigue.
9. Immune regulation — modulates inflammatory responses through CD38 and sirtuins.
10. Synergy with precursors — supplementation with NMN, NR, or niacinamide boosts NAD⁺ availability.
Summary:
NAD⁺ is a central metabolic coenzyme that fuels energy production, DNA repair, mitochondrial health, and longevity pathways. Boosting NAD⁺ supports anti-aging, metabolism, neuroprotection, and recovery, making it a cornerstone in both wellness and longevity therapeutics.